FOI release

Freedom of Information request about the Origination of Biotechnology, Biotechnology Companies and Vaccines, COVID19 Vaccine information (FOI-21-044 to FOI-21-048)

Published 24 March 2021

Thank you for your emails below and attached.

The authorisation of the Pfizer/BioNTech and the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccines was done through an expedited rolling review. A ‘rolling review’ can be used to complete the assessment of a promising medicine or vaccine during a public health emergency in the shortest time possible. This is done as the packages of data become available from ongoing studies on a staggered basis. The temporary authorisation under Regulation 174 permits the supply of identified vaccine batches, based on the safety, quality and efficacy data submitted to MHRA. These authorisations do not constitute a marketing authorisation.

All vaccines are tested through three phases of clinical trials to ensure they meet the gold standard. Phase 1 trials are with a small group of people to make sure there are no safety concerns and determines the appropriate dosage for the best immune response. Phase 2 trials are conducted on a larger group of people to check the vaccine works consistently and that the immune response is sufficient. Phase 3 trials test the vaccines on thousands of people for scientists to assess if the vaccine is producing immunity that will prevent disease. Usually, these phases are run in sequence, but in an effort to find a safe and effective Covid-19 vaccine as quickly as possible, once safety has been ascertained through Phase 1, Phases 2 and 3 are being run in parallel. Extensive checks and balances are required at every stage of the development of a vaccine, and this is no different for a Covid-19 vaccine. No stages in the vaccine development processes were bypassed.

Information on the study conducted using the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine and its results are available in a peer-reviewed journal, the New England Journal of Medicine. A link to this is provided below:

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577?query=featured_home

The approval for use of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Oxford/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines in the UK followed a rigorous scientific assessment of all the available evidence of quality, safety and effectiveness by the UK regulator, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). The MHRA expert scientists and clinicians reviewed data from the laboratory pre-clinical studies, clinical trials, manufacturing and quality controls, product sampling and testing of the final vaccine, and also considered the conditions for its safe supply and distribution. The decision was made with advice from the Commission on Human Medicines (CHM), the government’s independent expert scientific advisory body. Regarding the MHRA approval of the Pfizer/BioNTech and the Oxford/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines, further information (including information for physicians and recipients of the vaccine, and Public Assessment Reports [PARs] for each vaccine) are available on the MHRA website. The PARs contain useful information on the mechanism of action of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccines. Links to these are provided below:

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-covid-19

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca

Further to the above, the Moderna vaccine has also recently been authorised for use. Further information on this is provided below:

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-covid-19-vaccine-moderna

The following Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) webpage for the independent report ‘Optimising the COVID-19 vaccination programme for maximum short-term impact’ from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) provides the rationale for the government’s implemented dosing strategy:

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prioritising-the-first-covid-19-vaccine-dose-jcvi-statement/optimising-the-covid-19-vaccination-programme-for-maximum-short-term-impact

Further, the scientific basis from the JCVI concerning the current evidence on efficacy after single doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech, Oxford/AstraZeneca and Moderna vaccines is provided below:

https://www.cas.mhra.gov.uk/ViewandAcknowledgment/ViewAttachment.aspx?Attachment_id=103741

MHRA continuously monitors the safety of vaccines through a variety of pharmacovigilance processes, including the Yellow Card scheme. The MHRA, together with independent expert advice from the Commission on Human Medicines (CHM), is responsible for ensuring that the overall balance of benefits in terms of effectiveness, and risks of medicines and vaccines is positive at the time of licensing and remains so thereafter. Any emerging evidence relating to possible risks associated with medicines and vaccines, would be carefully reviewed and, if appropriate, regulatory action would be taken if any serious risks were confirmed.

Regarding your questions concerning the isolation of the Covid-19 virus and its variants, further information on the current pandemic and the evidence supporting the measures being taken by the UK government (including the isolation of the Covid-19 virus and any available data on variants) are available via the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE) website:

https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/scientific-advisory-group-for-emergencies

Regarding the use of interferon beta, information on current clinical trials involving the use of interferon beta are available through the EU Clinical Trials Register:

https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/

For more information on the interferon beta please review the company website https://www.synairgen.com/ that has a wealth of information including a link to the Lancet publication for results.

If you are dissatisfied with the handling of your request, you have the right to ask for an internal review. Internal review requests should be submitted within two months of the date you receive this response and addressed to: [email protected]

Due to the ongoing Covid-19 situation, we are not able to accept delivery of any documents or correspondence by post or courier to any of our offices

Please remember to quote the reference number above in any future communications.

If you were to remain dissatisfied with the outcome of the internal review, you would have the right to apply directly to the Information Commissioner for a decision. Please bear in mind that the Information Commissioner will not normally review our handling of your request unless you have first contacted us to conduct an internal review. The Information Commissioner can be contacted at:

Information Commissioner’s Office

Wycliffe House

Water Lane

Wilmslow

Cheshire

SK9 5AF

Yours sincerely

MHRA Customer Service Centre

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

10 South Colonnade, Canary Wharf, London E14 4PU

Telephone 0203 080 6000