Research and analysis

NOIDs causative agents: week 12 (week ending 24 March 2024)

Updated 23 December 2024

Applies to England and Wales

Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:

  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Bacillus cereus
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • Borrelia spp
  • Brucella spp
  • Burkholderia mallei
  • Burkholderia pseudomallei
  • Campylobacter spp
  • Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
  • Chikungunya virus
  • Chlamydophila psittaci
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Clostridium tetani
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Corynebacterium ulcerans
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Cryptosporidium spp
  • Dengue virus
  • Ebola virus
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Escherichia coli O 157
  • Francisella tularensis
  • Giardia lamblia
  • Guanarito virus
  • Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
  • Hanta virus
  • Hepatitis A
  • Hepatitis B
  • Hepatitis C
  • Hepatitis D
  • Hepatitis E
  • Influenza virus
  • Junin virus
  • Kyasanur Forest disease virus
  • Lassa virus
  • Legionella spp
  • Leptospira interrogans
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Machupo virus
  • Marburg virus
  • Measles virus
  • Mpox virus
  • Mumps virus
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium Knowlesi
  • Plasmodium Malariae
  • Plasmodium Ovale
  • Plasmodium Vivax
  • Polio virus
  • Rabies virus
  • Rickettsia spp
  • Rift Valley fever virus
  • Rubella virus
  • Sabia virus
  • Salmonella spp
  • SARS Coronavirus
  • Shigella spp
  • Streptococcus group A (invasive)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
  • Varicella zoster virus
  • Variola virus
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • West Nile virus
  • Yellow fever virus
  • Yersinia pestis

1. Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism

Totals for the current week compared to the previous five.

Week notification received 2024/07 2024/08 2024/09 2024/10 2024/11 2024/12
Arboviruses            
West Nile virus - - - 1 1 1
Bacillus            
Bacillus cereus 17 10 17 17 17 18
Bordetella            
Bordetella pertussis 73 94 120 93 132 125
Borrelia            
Borrelia burgdorferi 11 12 13 13 9 13
Borrelia sp 2 1 2 4 2 1
Brucella            
Brucella melitensis 1 - - - - -
Brucella sp - - 3 - - 1
Campylobacter            
Campylobacter coli 17 18 17 20 26 17
Campylobacter fetus 2 - - - 1 -
Campylobacter hyointestinalis - - - 1 - -
Campylobacter jejuni 218 225 234 217 266 205
Campylobacter other named 1 2 - 1 1 1
Campylobacter sp 710 809 761 786 876 859
Campylobacter upsaliensis 1 - 1 - - 1
Chikungunya virus            
Chikungunya virus 1 2 - 1 1 2
Clostridium            
Clostridium perfringens 30 32 31 35 47 33
Coronavirus            
Coronavirus 251 177 234 152 179 151
Human coronavirus 229e - 3 - 6 2 -
Human coronavirus hku1 4 3 2 2 1 2
SARS coronavirus - - - - 5 -
SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate 120 134 132 159 191 138
SARS-CoV-2 antibody void 4 2 - 2 - -
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) 2,503 1,783 1,310 1,215 1,476 1,310
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate 71 40 38 31 41 35
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative 17 11 16 47 56 18
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive 133 91 160 311 353 136
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative 37 51 7 3,540 25 15
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive 79 122 40 693 114 72
Corynebacterium            
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 3 4 3 - 4 1
Corynebacterium ulcerans 2 - - - - -
Cryptosporidium            
Cryptosporidium hominis 9 9 15 14 8 8
Cryptosporidium meleagridis - 1 - - - -
Cryptosporidium parvum 10 8 26 48 37 12
Cryptosporidium sp 30 17 24 35 35 42
Entamoeba            
Entamoeba histolytica 2 2 1 1 2 2
Escherichia            
Escherichia coli O 157 6 6 14 6 5 7
Flaviviruses            
Dengue virus 9 11 5 8 7 5
Haemophilus            
Haemophilus influenzae 92 71 80 82 88 74
Hepatitis viruses            
Hepatitis A 21 14 26 21 18 18
Hepatitis B 390 402 346 348 369 330
Hepatitis C 272 277 266 217 252 232
Hepatitis D 10 9 4 11 11 6
Hepatitis E 36 32 41 21 35 16
Influenza virus            
Influenza A 3,655 2,554 2,052 1,929 2,107 1,457
Influenza B 386 367 344 401 542 477
Influenza indeterminate 6 8 7 - 10 3
Influenza ungrouped 74 114 51 38 52 43
Legionella            
Legionella pneumophila 1 5 1 3 4 2
Legionella sp 1 1 6 3 3 3
Leptospira            
Leptospira interrogans 1 - - - - 1
Listeria            
Listeria monocytogenes 11 2 2 5 5 3
Mycobacterium            
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 85 74 90 64 65 95
Neisseria            
Neisseria meningitidis 16 24 23 21 38 15
Orthopoxvirus            
Mpox virus 2 3 1 4 1 3
Paramyxoviruses            
Measles virus 47 59 57 42 62 54
Mumps virus 11 10 12 10 12 5
Plasmodium            
Plasmodium falciparum - 23 1 - - 10
Plasmodium malariae - - - - - 1
Plasmodium ovale - 3 - - - 2
Plasmodium vivax - 1 - - - 1
Polyomavirus            
Polyomavirus BK 47 66 55 38 53 54
Polyomavirus JC 5 14 2 4 5 6
Polyomavirus untyped 16 22 6 11 16 5
Rickettsia            
Rickettsia prowazekii - - - 1 - -
Rickettsia spotted fever - 1 - 1 - 1
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi 1 - - - - -
Rubella virus            
Rubella virus 1 3 2 3 5 6
Salmonella            
Other salmonellas 55 57 61 46 33 20
Salmonella anatum - 5 - - - -
Salmonella chester - 6 - - - -
Salmonella enterica - - 6 - - -
Salmonella enteritidis 25 24 39 27 14 9
Salmonella java - 6 - - - -
Salmonella newport - - 5 6 6 -
Salmonella sp 16 11 7 21 74 97
Salmonella typhi and paratyphi 10 15 15 22 22 11
Salmonella typhimurium 24 24 28 20 11 10
Salmonella enterica 5 - - - - -
Shigella            
Shigella boydii 1 3 2 3 1 -
Shigella dysenteriae 2 2 - 1 - 1
Shigella flexneri 15 14 15 11 15 11
Shigella sonnei 21 21 33 20 24 17
Shigella sp 50 55 59 50 59 90
Streptococcus            
Streptococcus group A 77 85 72 79 77 76
Streptococcus pneumoniae 178 152 138 131 151 141
Vibrio            
Vibrio cholerae - - 2 1 - 1

2. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)

For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.

Week notification received 2024/07 2024/08 2024/09 2024/10 2024/11 2024/12
Citrobacter              
Citrobacter spp IMP - 1 - - - -
  KPC - 1 - 1 - -
  NDM 2 - 2 1 1 -
  OXA48 - 1 1 2 1 -
Enterobacter              
Enterobacter cloacae complex IMP 2 - - 1 4 -
  KPC 5 4 6 6 2 3
  NDM 3 8 10 2 5 1
  OXA48 5 6 5 4 9 -
  VIM - 1 - - - -
  Other 1 - 1 - 1 1
Other enterobacter spp IMP - - - 1 - -
  KPC - 1 - - - -
  NDM - - - - 1 1
  OXA48 1 1 - - - -
Escherichia              
Escherichia coli IMP 1 - - - - -
  KPC 5 2 1 3 - -
  NDM 19 7 16 14 14 5
  OXA48 15 23 15 10 18 9
  VIM - 1 - - - -
  Other 1 1 3 2 1 -
Escherichia hermannii KPC - 1 - - - -
Hafnia              
Hafnia alvei Other - - - - - 1
Klebsiella              
Klebsiella aerogenes KPC 1 - - - - -
  NDM - - 1 - - -
  OXA48 1 1 - - - -
  Other 1 - - - - -
Klebsiella oxytoca KPC 4 3 4 4 1 5
  NDM 2 - - - - -
  OXA48 1 2 2 - - -
  VIM - - 1 - - -
Klebsiella pneumoniae IMP 2 - - 1 2 -
  KPC 9 4 4 6 4 4
  NDM 9 8 6 5 9 -
  OXA48 8 16 15 8 8 3
  VIM 1 1 - - - -
  Other 1 1 1 2 1 1
Klebsiella variicola KPC - 1 - 1 - -
  NDM 1 - 1 - - -
  OXA48 - 1 - - - -
Other klebsiella spp OXA48 - - 1 - - -
Leclercia              
Leclercia adecarboxylata KPC - 1 1 - 1 -
  NDM 1 - - - - -
  Other 1 1 - - - -
Morganella              
Morganella morganii NDM - - 1 - - -
Proteus              
Proteus mirabilis IMP - - - - 2 -
  NDM - 1 1 - 1 -
  OXA48 1 - 2 - - -
  Other - - - - 1 -
Serratia              
Serratia marcescens/ureilytica OXA48 - - 1 - - -

3. Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms

For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.

Week notification received 2024/07 2024/08 2024/09 2024/10 2024/11 2024/12
Acinetobacter              
Acinetobacter baumannii NDM - 1 2 - 1 -
Pseudomonas              
Pseudomonas aeruginosa NDM 1 1 - - - -
  VIM - - - - 1 -
  Other 3 - 1 1 - -
Other              
  NDM - 1 - - - -