Research and analysis

NOIDs causative agents: week 15 (week ending 14 April 2024)

Updated 23 December 2024

Applies to England and Wales

Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:

  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Bacillus cereus
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • Borrelia spp
  • Brucella spp
  • Burkholderia mallei
  • Burkholderia pseudomallei
  • Campylobacter spp
  • Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
  • Chikungunya virus
  • Chlamydophila psittaci
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Clostridium tetani
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Corynebacterium ulcerans
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Cryptosporidium spp
  • Dengue virus
  • Ebola virus
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Escherichia coli O 157
  • Francisella tularensis
  • Giardia lamblia
  • Guanarito virus
  • Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
  • Hanta virus
  • Hepatitis A
  • Hepatitis B
  • Hepatitis C
  • Hepatitis D
  • Hepatitis E
  • Influenza virus
  • Junin virus
  • Kyasanur Forest disease virus
  • Lassa virus
  • Legionella spp
  • Leptospira interrogans
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Machupo virus
  • Marburg virus
  • Measles virus
  • Mpox virus
  • Mumps virus
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium Knowlesi
  • Plasmodium Malariae
  • Plasmodium Ovale
  • Plasmodium Vivax
  • Polio virus
  • Rabies virus
  • Rickettsia spp
  • Rift Valley fever virus
  • Rubella virus
  • Sabia virus
  • Salmonella spp
  • SARS Coronavirus
  • Shigella spp
  • Streptococcus group A (invasive)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
  • Varicella zoster virus
  • Variola virus
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • West Nile virus
  • Yellow fever virus
  • Yersinia pestis

Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism

Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.

Week notification received 2024/10 2024/11 2024/12 2024/13 2024/14 2024/15
Arboviruses            
West Nile Virus 1 1 1 - - -
Bacillus            
Bacillus cereus 17 17 18 13 15 16
Bordetella            
Bordetella pertussis 96 134 133 158 201 192
Borrelia            
Borrelia burgdorferi 13 9 14 8 9 15
Borrelia sp 4 2 1 4 1 2
Brucella            
Brucella melitensis - - 1 - - -
Brucella sp - - - - - 1
Burkholderia            
Burkholderia pseudomallei - - - 1 - -
Campylobacter            
Campylobacter coli 20 27 21 26 25 26
Campylobacter fetus - 1 - - - 2
Campylobacter gracilis - - - - - 2
Campylobacter hyointestinalis 1 - - - - -
Campylobacter jejuni 217 278 260 283 217 218
Campylobacter lari - - - - 2 1
Campylobacter other named 1 1 1 3 1 -
Campylobacter sp 791 889 839 700 681 918
Campylobacter upsaliensis - - 1 - - -
Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) - - 1 1 - -
Chikungunya virus            
Chikungunya virus 1 1 2 - 1 2
Clostridium            
Clostridium perfringens 35 47 35 33 36 48
Coronavirus            
Coronavirus 152 180 153 154 113 90
Human coronavirus 229e 6 2 - 3 - 1
Human coronavirus hku1 2 1 2 - - -
Human coronavirus oc43 - - 1 - - -
SARS coronavirus - 5 - - - -
SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate 159 191 138 114 111 107
SARS-CoV-2 antibody void 2 - - - - -
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) 1,218 1,473 1,293 1,496 1,261 1,324
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate 31 41 35 296 38 42
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative 47 56 18 13 8 17
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive 311 353 136 86 63 119
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative 3,540 25 15 17 7 25
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive 694 116 74 55 19 73
Corynebacterium            
Corynebacterium diphtheriae - 4 1 1 1 2
Coxiella            
Coxiella burnetii - - - - 2 -
Cryptosporidium            
Cryptosporidium cuniculus - - - - - 1
Cryptosporidium felis - - - - 1 -
Cryptosporidium hominis 17 12 14 14 9 4
Cryptosporidium meleagridis - - 1 1 - -
Cryptosporidium parvum 51 44 31 46 46 53
Cryptosporidium sp 30 30 22 25 35 180
Entamoeba            
Entamoeba histolytica 1 2 2 1 - 1
Escherichia            
Escherichia coli O 157 7 6 8 3 4 4
Flaviviruses            
Dengue virus 8 7 5 4 8 6
Haemophilus            
Haemophilus influenzae 82 88 74 59 57 68
Hepatitis viruses            
Hepatitis A 21 18 18 11 17 11
Hepatitis B 360 393 357 332 247 256
Hepatitis C 220 257 249 214 173 236
Hepatitis D 11 11 6 3 7 5
Hepatitis E 22 35 19 19 27 32
Influenza virus            
Influenza A 1,929 2,132 1,503 1,460 959 588
Influenza B 401 548 497 411 408 286
Influenza indeterminate - 10 3 1 3 2
Influenza ungrouped 38 52 43 34 24 14
Legionella            
Legionella pneumophila 3 4 2 13 7 11
Legionella sp 3 4 5 2 - 3
Leptospira            
Leptospira interrogans - - 1 - - 1
Listeria            
Listeria monocytogenes 5 7 5 7 5 4
Mycobacterium            
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 68 76 108 71 76 81
Neisseria            
Neisseria meningitidis 21 38 15 19 18 29
Orthopoxvirus            
Mpox virus 4 1 3 8 4 10
Paramyxoviruses            
Measles virus 43 62 54 57 58 84
Mumps virus 10 12 5 14 12 17
Plasmodium            
Plasmodium falciparum - - 10 - 1 7
Plasmodium malariae - - 1 - - -
Plasmodium ovale - - 2 - - 1
Plasmodium vivax - - 1 - - 1
Polyomavirus            
Polyomavirus BK 38 53 54 44 35 51
Polyomavirus JC 4 5 6 12 3 4
Polyomavirus untyped 11 16 5 21 11 14
Rickettsia            
Rickettsia prowazekii 1 - - - - -
Rickettsia spotted fever 1 - 1 - 1 -
Rubella virus            
Rubella virus 3 5 6 4 5 2
Salmonella            
Other salmonellas 48 59 56 53 30 17
Salmonella enteritidis 30 28 30 14 17 7
Salmonella newport 7 11 7 7 - -
Salmonella sp 15 27 14 19 47 138
Salmonella typhi and paratyphi 22 23 16 16 22 11
Salmonella typhimurium 20 21 19 33 20 7
Salmonella enterica - - 5 - - -
Shigella            
Shigella boydii 3 1 - 1 2 1
Shigella dysenteriae 1 - 1 1 - -
Shigella flexneri 13 16 22 15 12 7
Shigella sonnei 20 25 22 16 14 9
Shigella sp 49 57 79 48 48 69
Streptococcus            
Streptococcus group A 79 78 78 70 82 79
Streptococcus pneumoniae 133 153 143 126 140 151
Vibrio            
Vibrio cholerae 1 - 1 1 - 2

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)

For all carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.

Week notification received 2024/10 2024/11 2024/12 2024/13 2024/14 2024/15
Citrobacter                
Citrobacter spp IMP - - - 1 1 -  
  KPC 1 - 2 1 1 -  
  NDM 1 1 1 1 1 -  
  OXA48 2 2 2 1 - -  
  Other - - 1 - - -  
Cronobacter                
Cronobacter sakazakii KPC - - - - 1 -  
Enterobacter                
Enterobacter cloacae complex IMP 2 4 2 2 1 -  
  KPC 6 2 6 4 1 3  
  NDM 2 5 4 4 5 1  
  OXA48 5 9 - 3 3 -  
  Other - 1 1 1 - -  
Enterobacter other named OXA48 1 - - - - -  
Other enterobacter spp IMP 1 - 1 - 3 -  
  NDM - 1 2 2 1 -  
  OXA48 - - 1 - - -  
  VIM - - 1 - 1 -  
Escherichia                
Escherichia coli KPC 3 - 2 3 3 3  
  NDM 15 14 24 21 21 7  
  OXA48 12 20 21 23 18 3  
  Other 2 1 1 1 1 1  
Escherichia hermannii VIM - - - - 1 -  
Hafnia                
Hafnia alvei Other - - 1 - - -  
Klebsiella                
Klebsiella oxytoca KPC 4 1 7 1 6 -  
  NDM - - - 1 - -  
  OXA48 1 - - - 1 -  
Klebsiella pneumoniae IMP 1 2 - 2 1 -  
  KPC 6 5 5 6 8 1  
  NDM 6 9 7 9 9 1  
  OXA48 9 9 10 14 10 2  
  VIM - - 2 - - -  
  Other 2 1 1 - - 1  
Klebsiella variicola KPC 1 - - - - -  
Other klebsiella spp NDM 1 - - 1 - -  
  OXA48 1 - - 1 - -  
  VIM - - - - 1 -  
Leclercia                
Leclercia adecarboxylata KPC - 1 - - - -  
Other leclercia spp NDM - - 1 - - -  
Mixta                
Mixta calida NDM - - 1 - - -  
Proteus                
Proteus mirabilis IMP - 2 - - - -  
  NDM - 1 - - - -  
  Other - 1 - - - -  
Raoultella                
Raoultella spp KPC - - - 1 - -  
Serratia                
Serratia grimesii/liquefaciens/proteamaculans NDM - - 1 - - -  
  OXA48 - - 1 - - -  
Serratia marcescens/ureilytica KPC - - - - 1 -  
  NDM - - - - 1 -  
  OXA48 - - - - 1 -  

Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms

Week notification received 2024/10 2024/11 2024/12 2024/13 2024/14 2024/15
Acinetobacter              
Acinetobacter baumannii NDM - 1 - - - -
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/baumannii complex NDM - - - 1 - -
Pseudomonas              
Pseudomonas aeruginosa NDM - - 1 1 2 -
  VIM - 1 - 1 - -
  Other 1 2 1 2 1 1
Pseudomonas putida group VIM - 1 - - - -
Other              
  NDM - - - - 1 -
  OXA48 - - - - - 1
  Other - - - - - 1

For all carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.