Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 2 (week ending 14 January 2024)
Updated 23 December 2024
Applies to England and Wales
© Crown copyright 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/49 | 2023/50 | 2023/51 | 2023/52 | 2024/01 | 2024/02 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus | ||||||
| Bacillus cereus | 11 | 13 | 14 | 6 | 16 | 10 |
| Bordetella | ||||||
| Bordetella pertussis | 15 | 24 | 32 | 13 | 26 | 36 |
| Borrelia | ||||||
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 22 | 26 | 12 | 7 | 9 | 15 |
| Borrelia sp | 5 | 6 | 2 | 2 | - | 3 |
| Brucella | ||||||
| Brucella melitensis | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Brucella sp | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter | ||||||
| Campylobacter coli | 21 | 30 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 23 |
| Campylobacter fetus | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 200 | 218 | 207 | 142 | 154 | 163 |
| Campylobacter other named | - | - | 1 | 1 | 3 | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 829 | 823 | 802 | 436 | 650 | 598 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 1 | - | - | - | - | 4 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Chikungunya virus | ||||||
| Chikungunya virus | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Clostridium | ||||||
| Clostridium perfringens | 26 | 34 | 34 | 28 | 41 | 14 |
| Coronavirus | ||||||
| Coronavirus | 39 | 45 | 56 | 47 | 71 | 66 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | 1 | 2 | - | 8 | - |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | 3 |
| SARS coronavirus | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 114 | 182 | 163 | 191 | 170 | 111 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | - | 2 | 11 | 2 | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 6,047 | 7,971 | 9,024 | 8,125 | 7,630 | 4,773 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 68 | 51 | 84 | 83 | 139 | 79 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 30 | 67 | 41 | 20 | 25 | 23 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 130 | 378 | 196 | 84 | 107 | 104 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 14 | 35 | 36 | 30 | 43 | 27 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 71 | 115 | 104 | 113 | 130 | 82 |
| Corynebacterium | ||||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 3 | 2 | 4 | - | 2 | 2 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | 3 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||||
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 5 | 11 | 5 | - | 3 | 4 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 21 | 8 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 6 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 101 | 118 | 100 | 41 | 72 | 53 |
| Entamoeba | ||||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | - | 4 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Escherichia | ||||||
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 4 |
| Flaviviruses | ||||||
| Dengue virus | 10 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 6 |
| Haemophilus | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 69 | 72 | 73 | 50 | 74 | 55 |
| Hepatitis viruses | ||||||
| Hepatitis A | 8 | 14 | 16 | 9 | 45 | 30 |
| Hepatitis B | 406 | 357 | 342 | 186 | 250 | 246 |
| Hepatitis C | 240 | 224 | 240 | 133 | 172 | 193 |
| Hepatitis D | 8 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 7 |
| Hepatitis E | 30 | 21 | 32 | 17 | 20 | 28 |
| Influenza virus | ||||||
| Influenza A | 1,203 | 2,038 | 3,249 | 3,254 | 3,799 | 2,356 |
| Influenza B | 84 | 101 | 112 | 120 | 151 | 114 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 3 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 40 | 89 | 92 | 116 | 124 | 66 |
| Legionella | ||||||
| Legionella other named | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 4 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Legionella sp | 1 | 1 | 5 | - | 2 | - |
| Leptospira | ||||||
| Leptospira interrogans | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Listeria | ||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 6 | 26 | 11 | 4 | 4 | - |
| Mycobacterium | ||||||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 74 | 77 | 83 | 48 | 59 | 62 |
| Neisseria | ||||||
| Neisseria meningitidis | 27 | 36 | 48 | 16 | 31 | 48 |
| Orthopoxvirus | ||||||
| Mpox virus | 2 | 3 | 3 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Paramyxoviruses | ||||||
| Measles virus | 4 | 16 | 29 | 29 | 44 | 69 |
| Mumps virus | 1 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 8 |
| Plasmodium | ||||||
| Plasmodium falciparum | - | 1 | 9 | 1 | - | 6 |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | ||||||
| Polyomavirus BK | 48 | 51 | 55 | 49 | 34 | 49 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 13 | 10 | 12 | 4 | 10 | 7 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 21 | 14 | 19 | 8 | 12 | 14 |
| Rickettsia | ||||||
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rubella virus | ||||||
| Rubella virus | 2 | 6 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella | ||||||
| Other salmonellas | 58 | 53 | 57 | 24 | 21 | 17 |
| Salmonella chester | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 37 | 26 | 21 | 11 | 9 | - |
| Salmonella infantis | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | - | 6 | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | - | 8 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 17 | 12 | 23 | 11 | 57 | 85 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 17 | 21 | 23 | 12 | 15 | 11 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 24 | 20 | 18 | 11 | 9 | 11 |
| Shigella | ||||||
| Shigella boydii | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 4 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 24 | 19 | 24 | 8 | 14 | 11 |
| Shigella sonnei | 31 | 27 | 29 | 20 | 18 | 8 |
| Shigella sp | 46 | 35 | 44 | 20 | 34 | 43 |
| Streptococcus | ||||||
| Streptococcus group A | 59 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 88 | 72 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 149 | 186 | 175 | 190 | 251 | 136 |
| Vibrio | ||||||
| Vibrio cholerae | - | - | 1 | - | 3 | - |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/49 | 2023/50 | 2023/51 | 2023/52 | 2024/01 | 2024/02 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | |||||||
| Citrobacter spp | KPC | - | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | - |
| NDM | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | - | |
| OXA48 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | - | - | |
| Enterobacter | |||||||
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 2 | - | - | - | 3 | - |
| KPC | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | - | |
| NDM | 5 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 2 | |
| OXA48 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 2 | |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | - | |
| Enterobacter other named | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| NDM | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | - | |
| OXA48 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | |
| VIM | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Escherichia | |||||||
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| KPC | 5 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 2 | |
| NDM | 20 | 19 | 20 | 14 | 13 | 3 | |
| OXA48 | 19 | 23 | 23 | 14 | 10 | 3 | |
| Other | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | |
| Escherichia hermannii | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella | |||||||
| Klebsiella aerogenes | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 3 |
| NDM | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| OXA48 | - | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| KPC | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 2 | |
| NDM | 3 | 7 | 12 | 4 | 5 | - | |
| OXA48 | 12 | 7 | 19 | 12 | 15 | 1 | |
| VIM | - | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | |
| Other | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | |
| Klebsiella serogenes | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other klebsiella spp | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Leclercia | |||||||
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Morganella | |||||||
| Morganella morganii | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Pantoea | |||||||
| Pantoea agglomerans | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Pantoea septica | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Proteus | |||||||
| Proteus mirabilis | IMP | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| NDM | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Raoultella | |||||||
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Serratia | |||||||
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/49 | 2023/50 | 2023/51 | 2023/52 | 2024/01 | 2024/02 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | |||||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | - | 2 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Pseudomonas | |||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Other | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Pseudomonas nitroreducens | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Pseudomonas putida group | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Other | |||||||
| NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |