Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 45 (week ending 10 November 2024)
Updated 23 December 2024
Applies to England and Wales
© Crown copyright 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia spp
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- hepatitis A
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
- hepatitis D
- hepatitis E
- influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- mpox virus
- mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2024/40 | 2024/41 | 2024/42 | 2024/43 | 2024/44 | 2024/45 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus | ||||||
| Bacillus cereus | 10 | 24 | 19 | 8 | 13 | 12 |
| Bordetella | ||||||
| Bordetella pertussis | 61 | 53 | 77 | 52 | 53 | 39 |
| Borrelia | ||||||
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 51 | 31 | 26 | 37 | 49 | 39 |
| Borrelia sp | 5 | 10 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 5 |
| Brucella | ||||||
| Brucella melitensis | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Brucella sp | 2 | - | - | 2 | - | 5 |
| Campylobacter | ||||||
| Campylobacter coli | 45 | 34 | 27 | 34 | 56 | 37 |
| Campylobacter fetus | 2 | - | 3 | - | - | 2 |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 316 | 343 | 368 | 285 | 373 | 308 |
| Campylobacter other named | 3 | 2 | 4 | - | 1 | 5 |
| Campylobacter rectus | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 1,278 | 1,266 | 1,141 | 921 | 1,361 | 1,165 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Chikungunya virus | ||||||
| Chikungunya virus | 4 | 1 | 4 | - | - | 1 |
| Clostridium | ||||||
| Clostridium perfringens | 21 | 31 | 32 | 23 | 55 | 34 |
| Coronavirus | ||||||
| Coronavirus | 14 | 25 | 15 | 29 | 34 | 32 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | 2 |
| SARS coronavirus | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 71 | 73 | 53 | 75 | 95 | 78 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | - | 2 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 3,046 | 3,606 | 3,003 | 2,375 | 2,365 | 1,596 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 104 | 100 | 83 | 49 | 96 | 80 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 19 | 18 | 10 | 9 | 32 | 10 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 98 | 118 | 118 | 89 | 144 | 103 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 13 | 21 | 16 | 1 | 4 | 20 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 61 | 54 | 58 | 35 | 51 | 44 |
| Corynebacterium | ||||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Coxiella | ||||||
| Coxiella burnetii | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||||
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 24 | 27 | 27 | 32 | 33 | 15 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 44 | 28 | 63 | 53 | 52 | 24 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 73 | 68 | 38 | 41 | 55 | 109 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Entamoeba | ||||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 3 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Escherichia | ||||||
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 14 | 17 | 13 | 9 | 11 | 11 |
| Flaviviruses | ||||||
| Dengue virus | 1 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 5 |
| Francisella | ||||||
| Francisella tularensis | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Giardia | ||||||
| Giardia sp | 110 | 119 | 116 | 102 | 128 | 98 |
| Haemophilus | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 58 | 48 | 58 | 55 | 69 | 77 |
| Hepatitis viruses | ||||||
| Hepatitis A | 33 | 29 | 25 | 21 | 17 | 10 |
| Hepatitis B | 332 | 277 | 279 | 258 | 352 | 247 |
| Hepatitis C | 284 | 248 | 283 | 262 | 351 | 251 |
| Hepatitis D | 10 | 9 | 13 | 6 | 11 | 6 |
| Hepatitis E | 47 | 31 | 28 | 34 | 44 | 32 |
| Influenza virus | ||||||
| Influenza A | 450 | 519 | 581 | 590 | 1,455 | 819 |
| Influenza B | 71 | 56 | 75 | 78 | 144 | 80 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 4 | - | - | 8 | - | - |
| Influenza ungrouped | 4 | 12 | 34 | 29 | 24 | 16 |
| Legionella | ||||||
| Legionella longbeachae | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Legionella pneumophila | 7 | 10 | 11 | 3 | 15 | 8 |
| Legionella sp | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| Leptospira | ||||||
| Leptospira interrogans | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Listeria | ||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 13 | 7 |
| Mycobacterium | ||||||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 95 | 104 | 81 | 107 | 95 | 100 |
| Neisseria | ||||||
| Neisseria meningitidis | 21 | 28 | 34 | 31 | 33 | 49 |
| Orthopoxvirus | ||||||
| Mpox virus | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 20 | 5 |
| Paramyxoviruses | ||||||
| Measles virus | 12 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 24 | 21 |
| Mumps virus | 5 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 8 | 3 |
| Plasmodium | ||||||
| Plasmodium falciparum | - | 17 | - | - | - | 10 |
| Plasmodium malariae | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | 1 | - | - | - | 2 |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | 4 | - | - | - | 2 |
| Polyomavirus | ||||||
| Polyomavirus BK | 46 | 75 | 57 | 66 | 66 | 64 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 8 | 8 | 4 | 9 | 6 | 9 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 10 | 18 | 28 | 7 | 22 | 16 |
| Rickettsia | ||||||
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Rubella virus | ||||||
| Rubella virus | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | - |
| Salmonella | ||||||
| Other salmonellas | 81 | 90 | 84 | 73 | 53 | 23 |
| Salmonella blockley | 7 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella bovis-morbificans | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella braenderup | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella chester | - | - | - | 7 | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | - | 5 | 6 | - | - | 6 |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 115 | 111 | 93 | 64 | 88 | 22 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | - | 7 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella java | 10 | - | - | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella kentucky | 10 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella mikawasima | 11 | 15 | 18 | 10 | 18 | - |
| Salmonella newport | 6 | - | 8 | 7 | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 45 | 35 | 37 | 25 | 98 | 189 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 28 | 15 | 16 | 12 | 6 | 10 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 50 | 34 | 41 | 40 | 24 | 17 |
| Salmonella virchow | 7 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | 7 | 11 | 5 | - | 10 | 5 |
| Shigella | ||||||
| Shigella boydii | 2 | - | 4 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 19 | 22 | 28 | 13 | 15 | 7 |
| Shigella sonnei | 24 | 31 | 25 | 12 | 28 | 16 |
| Shigella sp | 59 | 62 | 60 | 50 | 81 | 83 |
| Streptococcus | ||||||
| Streptococcus group A | 41 | 43 | 62 | 30 | 38 | 49 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 89 | 111 | 107 | 128 | 138 | 138 |
| Vibrio | ||||||
| Vibrio cholerae | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/40 | 2024/41 | 2024/42 | 2024/43 | 2024/44 | 2024/45 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | |||||||
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| KPC | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | - | |
| NDM | 4 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | |
| OXA48 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | |
| VIM | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Cronobacter | |||||||
| Cronobacter sakazakii | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Enterobacter | |||||||
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 3 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 1 | - |
| KPC | 8 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 3 | |
| NDM | 14 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 8 | - | |
| OXA48 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 2 | |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | 1 | - | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| NDM | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | |
| Escherichia | |||||||
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| KPC | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | - | |
| NDM | 21 | 17 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 6 | |
| OXA48 | 18 | 17 | 20 | 29 | 17 | 8 | |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | 3 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | - | |
| Escherichia hermannii | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | |||||||
| Klebsiella aerogenes | NDM | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | IMP | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | - |
| KPC | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | |
| NDM | - | 4 | - | 1 | 1 | - | |
| OXA48 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | - | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | - |
| KPC | 17 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 10 | 2 | |
| NDM | 8 | 14 | 7 | 14 | 8 | 1 | |
| OXA48 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 17 | 7 | 1 | |
| VIM | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | - | |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| OXA48 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Leclercia | |||||||
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Morganella | |||||||
| Morganella morganii | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Pantoea | |||||||
| Pantoea septica | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| NDM | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Proteus | |||||||
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | 3 | - | 2 | 2 | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | |
| Providencia | |||||||
| Providencia stuartii | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Raoultella | |||||||
| Raoultella planticola (klebsiella planticola) | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Serratia | |||||||
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/40 | 2024/41 | 2024/42 | 2024/43 | 2024/44 | 2024/45 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | |||||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | - | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Other | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other acinetobacter spp | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | 2 |
| Pseudomonas | |||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| NDM | 3 | - | - | 2 | 3 | - | |
| VIM | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Other | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | - | |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens group | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |