Official Statistics

Department for International Trade inward investment results technical annex 2021 to 2022

Updated 29 June 2022

Preface

This technical annex has been published to accompany the main Department for International Trade (DIT) inward investment results. It aims to provide technical details to help interpret the statistics.

The statistics include foreign direct investment (FDI) projects landing in the UK during the 2021 to 2022 financial year and the estimated jobs created or safeguarded as an outcome of these projects landing. These are further broken down by the type of investment, region and Local Enterprise Partnership of the UK where the project has landed, market of origin and project sector. An estimate of the economic impact expressed as gross value added (GVA) is provided for those FDI projects supported by DIT.

The monetary value of investments supported by DIT’s Capital Investment Team, referred to as capital investment values, are also included.

Detailed breakdowns can be found in the Department for International Trade inward investment results tables 2021 to 2022 (ODS, 77KB) supporting document.

This annex outlines the definitions, data collection process, eligibility, verification process and comparability that underpin the publication.

Changelog

The following changes have been made in the Department for International Trade inward investment results 2021 to 2022 publication from last year’s iteration.

Department for International Trade inward investment results tables 2021 to 2022 additions:

• time series have been expanded with 2021 to 2022 figures
• breakdowns by Local Enterprise Partnership have been provided for the first time for 2021 to 2022
• net zero related investment results are provided for 2021 to 2022

1. Introduction

This section outlines the relevance of FDI, what FDI is, the 3 main measures of FDI and types of FDI projects. A definition of capital investment and non-FDI and commitment to invest projects is also covered.

1.1 Relevance

FDI is considered to deliver economic benefits to the UK by improving economic competitiveness and enabling improvements in productivity for both new and existing firms. FDI can create an important positive contribution to an economy by generating employment, increasing tax revenue, and by providing external resources such as capital, technology and managerial know-how that can substantially aid productivity and economic growth.

1.2 What is FDI?

From a UK perspective, inward FDI is an investment from a foreign investor into a UK enterprise. The UK entity then becomes an affiliate enterprise, which is either a subsidiary, branch, or an affiliate company of the parent company – the foreign investor. In practical terms, a foreign company can either set up a version of itself in the UK, or can acquire/merge with an existing UK company.

The parent company needs to own at least 10% of the shares or voting power in the UK entity for it to classify as FDI. Direct investments include the initial operation establishing the relationship between the 2 units, and also all later capital operations between them and between related institutional units, whether incorporated or not.

1.3 Measures of FDI

There are 3 main measures of FDI:

• FDI flow
• FDI stock
• FDI projects

FDI flow

Measures the net movement in inward direct investments made during any reference period. FDI flows comprise of:

• acquisitions or disposals of equity capital (which includes mergers and acquisitions (M&As))
• reinvested earnings
• inter-company debt

FDI stock

Measures the total financial value of FDI in the UK at a point in time.

FDI stock has the following main components:

• foreign companies’ share capital and reserves
• net amount due to foreign parents on the inter-company account
• net amount due to foreign parents on the branch head-office account. It is a statistical measure that is directly linked with the FDI flow. The annual FDI flow contributes to the change in the inward FDI stock

Investment promotion agencies, including DIT, are focused on and measure their operational performance based on the number of specific individual investment decisions.

1.4 Types of FDI projects

FDI can come in different forms depending on the characteristics of the investment project and the nature of actual engagement of the investor in the UK.

For the purposes of DIT definitions and this publication, FDI transactions take 3 main forms which are:

• new investments
• expansions on an existing investment
• M&As

New investment projects

A type of FDI where a foreign investor starts a new business by establishing a new entity. This could be setting up new offices, building, production or operational facilities in the UK. This type of investment directly contributes to capital formation through new capital expenditures, increases the output and generates employment and other benefits. New investments can be made by either an existing investor or a new investor.

Expansion investment projects

A type of FDI where an existing investor expands the production or operational facilities of an existing UK foreign direct enterprise with additional investments. For the purposes of this publication, retention projects have been grouped together with the expansion category.

Retention investment projects

A type of investment where a foreign investor agrees to make an additional investment in an existing foreign direct enterprise. The purpose is to prevent the enterprise from rationalisation or closure.

M&A projects

A type of FDI made by foreign investors to either merge with or acquire at least 10% of existing equity or assets of an existing UK company. A merger occurs when 2 or more companies agree to merge into a new single company rather than remain separated for creating business synergies. An acquisition is a transaction between 2 companies by which the acquiring company purchases the existing assets and liabilities of the target company.

M&As are a common mechanism for entering a new market and are usually followed by new additional investments. For the purposes of this publication, joint ventures have been grouped together with the M&A category.

Joint ventures

Agreements between a foreign enterprise and an existing UK enterprise to invest in a joint project. These are usually short-term focused.

1.5 What is capital investment?

Capital investment can broadly be defined as funds invested into a company, enterprise or project for the purposes of furthering commercial objectives and expanding growth.

Examples of capital investors can include:

• sovereign wealth funds

• pension funds

• corporates

• real estate investor-developers

• private equity and venture capital funds

• specialist sector funds (for example, renewable energy, regeneration)

• private wealth

• family offices

Inward capital flows leading to funding of UK companies, enterprises and projects can take the form of equity or debt and can be instrumental in the delivery and success of such investment opportunities. These investments can create jobs, both directly and indirectly, lead to regional regeneration in targeted areas and provide tax receipts for the Treasury (HMT).

DIT measures capital investment by the capital or foreign equity value of the investment only. Values are recorded in GBP, applying the exchange rate at the time of the investment announcement if necessary. Job creation is not measured, as many capital investment projects are commitments to invest (see section 1.6) into projects over periods of time.

Capital investment is measured in DIT via 2 areas:

Large capital

Involves overseas institutional investment into large capital projects in real estate, infrastructure and energy.

Growth capital

Involves overseas investment from corporate, venture capital and individual investors into high-value start-ups, growth companies and funds.

Growth capital can be further split in to 2 areas:

• venture capital

• attracts overseas investment from corporate venture capitalists and venture capital funds into high-value start-ups, growth companies and funds

• GREAT Investors Programme

• attracts overseas investment from private investors into high-value start-ups, growth companies and funds. These services were withdrawn in July 2021.

1.6 Non-FDI and commitment to invest

Capital investment projects are recorded as either investment projects or commitments to invest. Investment projects can either be classified as FDI (see sections 1.2 and 1.4), or non-FDI. Non-FDI projects do not meet the definition of FDI. However, the investor has stated their intention to invest funds into a UK project or company and deploy capital with immediate effect, or at least in the very near future.

Commitment to invest projects measure the value of capital investment commitments made by foreign investors at an early stage of long-term project development processes. These commitments are often claimed before start-on-site and primarily involve capital (equity) investments from foreign investors but can also be in the form of long-term debt financing. In many commercial examples, ‘committed capital’ refers to a contractual agreement between the investor and the fund or developer to contribute money to the fund or project. The investor may deploy all the required capital immediately, or funds invested in phases over time, often over a period of years. For DIT supported commitment to invest projects, the financial value of the project can only be claimed once.

2. Methodology and production

This includes methods of data collection, FDI and capital investment project eligibility and DIT’s involvement in foreign investors investing and re-investing in the UK.

2.1 Data collection

As the government department responsible for the promotion and facilitation of inward investment, DIT aims to record and report information on all FDI projects successfully landing in the UK. This includes projects assisted by the DIT network teams (involved projects) and those which land without the DIT network’s involvement (non-involved projects). DIT aims to capture all those FDI projects which meet DIT definitions and standards and those that can be verified as having landed in the financial year.

New jobs created and safeguarded are estimates over a 3 year period. Safeguarded jobs include those jobs which were retained as a result of the additional/new inward investment. Job numbers are sourced from interactions with businesses and public announcements, and in the case of non-involved projects, estimated in external databases as referenced below. For more information see their associated products.

Data and information related to involved projects are self-reported by the DIT network and are recorded on an internal database. All parties involved in a project are responsible to enter the necessary data on to the system following agreed operating principles and eligibility criteria. Data and information related to capital investment projects (FDI, non-FDI and commitments to invest) are recorded in the same way and are defined within specific investment programmes as detailed in section 1.5. The eligibility criteria for FDI projects and for capital investment projects can be found in the section below. The same eligibility criteria is applied to capital investment projects irrespective of whether they are measured using FDI, non-FDI or commitment to invest.

The overall process for recording and checking non-involved FDI projects is managed centrally. As part of the process, regular comparisons are made against the Financial Time’s FDI markets database to source information about investments. In addition, DIT network teams are asked to identify any other non-involved projects in their markets or sectors through local sources (such as media, events).

2.2 FDI project eligibility

FDI project eligibility tests

1. There must be a new, additional financial investment in the UK foreign direct enterprise as part of the FDI project. Each FDI project must demonstrate it is bringing in some financial investment into the UK.

2. To qualify as an FDI project, the foreign ownership or voting power in the UK company as a result of the new equity investment must be at least 10%.

3. The business activities supported by the investment project are expected to last at least 3 years. DIT supports those investments that create or expand long term businesses in the UK.

4. New investments or expansions must create one or more new permanent (such as those expected to last for at least 2 years) jobs in the UK. Total jobs expected to be created or safeguarded in the UK cover the first 3 years of each project.

5. (Applicable only for retention and M&A projects claiming safeguarded jobs) There must be sufficient evidence that without new additional investment the UK based company would potentially reduce its production capacity, and/or employment level. This could ultimately result in the closure of the UK business.

Projects that are characterised by any of the following elements are not treated as an FDI project for the purposes of this publication:

• a project that does not involve new (or additional) financial investments or capital expenditure

• a project that has short term business objectives (for example, less than 3 years), which do not make it qualify for the ‘lasting interest’ test of the FDI definition

• contract agreements, collaboration and partnerships (except when they involve research & development (R&D)) that do not involve any financial investment and creation of new businesses for production of goods or services in the UK

• franchise contracts under which a UK company will sell or provide products or services produced by a non-UK entity

• investment in UK residential property (such as purchasing houses or flats in London) without creation of new long-term businesses and associated jobs in the UK

Projects that don’t meet the full definition of FDI are recorded as non-FDI. The underlying principles of capital being invested in to the UK remain the same. However there isn’t a need for job creation or for the capital to be invested directly from the overseas company to the UK entity. Non-FDI projects encompass a wider range of vehicles for capital to be transferred, for example venture capital.

2.3 Capital investment project eligibility

Capital investment project eligibility tests

1. There must be evidence of a commitment to invest funding into a UK-based company, enterprise or project.

2. The financing commitment must originate from overseas organisations to be classified as involved projects.

3. The financing capital may either be deployed immediately, otherwise evidence of a commitment such as a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to invest capital to UK-based enterprises, companies or projects over a period of time should also be obtained.

4. Singular projects can include investment financing commitments into multiple UK-based companies. They may also include joint ventures between 2 different overseas organisations commitment to invest in a UK-based company, enterprise or project.

The timing of capital investment projects is based on the point the investor has confirmed their intention to invest in the project. This will take place either via a public announcement or written confirmation.

2.4 Project involvement

One of DIT’s key ambitions is to generate increased international awareness of the benefits of investing in the UK and provide information and advice to investors, both in the UK and overseas. This helps them prosper and succeed in investing and re-investing in the UK. DIT collaborates with the devolved administrations and local partners to achieve this.

In order for a project to be recorded as an involved project, there must be sufficient evidence that the DIT network has provided significant assistance to the foreign investor in the delivery of the investment project. There must be evidence that the assistance and advice was essential for the delivery of the investment project in the UK. Where no substantive assistance has been provided to land a project into the UK, the project is recorded as a non-involved success. Similar to involved projects, non-involved projects are individually verified and undergo quality assurance processes.

A subset of involved projects is related to DIT’s Global Entrepreneur Programme (GEP). This programme attracts and enables high potential, internationally mobile entrepreneurs and their fast growth innovation-rich companies to scale and internationalise from a UK global headquarters.

Another subset of involved projects is net zero investments. These investments are related to one of the areas set out in the government’s

Further information on how the projects align with the 10 Point Plan (10PP) for a green industrial revolution is in section 3: Verification. Both FDI and non-FDI projects are included within net zero investments.

3. Verification

This section outlines the verification process and criteria needed to align a project to the objectives of the 10 Point Plan.

3.1 Verification and accuracy

Each project undergoes an independent verification process prior to confirmation as a success for official reporting in the DIT inward investment publication.

Along with confirming the eligibility of projects, additional objectives of the verification process are to ensure that investment projects are genuine. The robustness, accuracy and consistency of the project data reported by the DIT network is also assessed. The tests applied on each project in the main verification stage are mapped out below. FDI tests and capital investment tests are detailed separately. The same verification tests are applied to capital investment projects irrespective of whether they are measured using FDI, non-FDI or commitment to invest.

FDI project verification tests

1. The UK foreign direct enterprise must be registered in the UK. This is sourced through Companies House.

2. The UK foreign direct enterprise must be occupying or legally committed themselves to taking premises in a specific physical business address. This is sourced through confirmation of the UK business address on the company’s website or through official documentation.

3. There must be evidence that the investment funds have been secured, that at least one person is working or is in the process of being recruited to work. The activities planned as a result of the investment should have commenced. Evidence is sourced from public announcements, investor confirmation, or through a note from the DIT officials’ visit to the UK company site.

Capital investment project verification tests

1. Evidence must be obtained to verify that the source of the capital investment funding commitment originates from overseas.

2. The UK-based recipient company or project must be registered in the UK.

3. Sufficient evidence must be obtained to confirm that DIT support was provided for an involved project.

4. Evidence must be obtained to confirm the value of the investor funding. This can be provided either in writing from the investor, or via a public announcement. Should this information be withheld by the investor for reasons of commercial confidentiality, DIT calculates the investment commitment value to be 80% of the gross development value (GDV) of the project.

In addition to the main verification process, prior to publication, an end-of-year verification exercise takes place whereby quality assurance checks are performed to ensure consistency, accuracy, and to identify any irregularities within the data set.

3.2 Alignment to 10 Point Plan

For the projects included in the net zero statistics the company has expressed an intention with the investment that is aligned with the objectives of the 10 Point Plan (10PP). This is in addition to other criteria described in this methodology. Below is a list of the 10 points, with a short description of characteristics necessary to align. This is tested through the existing verification process applied to all DIT recorded investment projects.

Advancing offshore wind

Projects directly contributing to the establishing of offshore wind energy capture installations; or developing or deploying technologies that are advancing offshore wind energy capture capabilities.

Driving the growth of low carbon hydrogen

Projects that directly invest in the advancement of low carbon hydrogen installations and technologies, including where it replaces existing carbon-based facilities.

Delivering new and advanced nuclear power

Projects directly contributing to the improvement, expansion or installation of nuclear power facilities.

Accelerating the shift to zero emissions vehicles

Projects directly contributing to the distribution, deployment, development or manufacture of technologies and vehicles with zero emissions.

Green public transport, cycling and walking

Projects directly contributing to the deployment, facilitation, distribution, development or manufacture of technologies and individual vehicles that increases the access to and use of green modes of transport.

Jet zero and green ships

Projects containing or advancing technologies, machinery or vessels that directly serve to reduce carbon emissions from aerospace and maritime transport.

Greener buildings

Projects directly introducing new energy-efficient buildings, or technologies that significantly transform existing buildings making them more energy efficient.

Investing in carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS)

Projects directly facilitating the development, design and installations necessary to advance CCUS technologies and practices.

Protecting our natural environment

Projects directly improving flood defences, land management, as well as planting trees to capture carbon; or sustaining natural conservation through alternatives to using wood, peat; deforestation and sustainable agriculture.

Green finance and innovation

Projects that directly;

1. support innovation and accelerating the commercialisation of innovation low-carbon technologies

or

2. mobilise financial sector as an enabler to finance across the 10PP

In addition to the main verification process, prior to publication, an extra verification exercise takes place. Quality assurance checks are performed to ensure consistency, accuracy, and to identify any irregularities within the data set.

4. Technical notes for publication

This covers disclosure and suppression rules, interpreting changes and methodology for estimating an FDI project’s gross value added.

4.1 Disclosure and suppression

To protect the identity of foreign investors and UK companies, disclosure rules have been applied to the figures in this publication.

The general disclosure rules are:

• where there are 10 or fewer projects, the numbers are suppressed, and a letter ‘c’ will denote this

• where 5 or fewer individual projects underpin the figures for new jobs or safeguarded jobs, the numbers are suppressed, and a letter ‘c’ will denote this

• where 5 or fewer unique companies underpin the figures for investments, new jobs or safeguarded jobs, the numbers are suppressed, and a letter ‘c’ will denote this

• where the number of jobs is 30 or fewer, these numbers are suppressed, and a letter ‘c’ will denote this

These rules have been put in place to minimise risk of disclosure, and the financial, reputational, and operational damage that could occur should exposure happen.

4.2 Interpreting changes

The number of jobs and amount of capital expenditure related to each investment project varies greatly with some outliers having a large impact on aggregate figures. This can result in large percentage changes between years which should be interpreted with caution.

4.3 Estimates for gross value added (GVA)

Using DIT’s analysis into the economic impact of FDI, DIT has been able to develop estimates for the gross value added (GVA) associated with the FDI projects supported by DIT. This allows us to demonstrate a broader understanding of the economic value of projects supported by DIT, to contribute to wider government initiatives and DIT’s overall objective for stimulating economic wealth creation.

Estimates are made by applying the sector specific multipliers detailed in DIT’s research report to either the number of new jobs generated from FDI projects or the capital expenditure invested by the FDI projects. This is determined by whether a sector is deemed as labour intensive or capital intensive. Full detail is available in the research report.

There is complete coverage with the number of jobs recorded for FDI projects as it is a requirement for project eligibility. However, data on capital expenditure is not complete due to some foreign investors withholding the information. In aggregate it was possible to estimate the economic impact for around 89% of projects in 2020 to 2021 and 91% in 2021 to 2022. This means the estimated impacts published are the minimum level of GVA expected over 3 years.

A capital expenditure figure is provided for the net zero investments based on a coverage of 88% of the projects. However it is not provided for other breakdowns due to there being an inconsistent level of coverage. An approach for imputing missing capital expenditure values remains subject to review based on further investigation and feedback.

5. Comparability and limitations

This section includes comparability with other UK FDI publications and amendments and limitations of DIT investment data.

5.1 Comparability with other UK FDI publications

Similar to DIT’s inward investment results publication, the Financial Times and Ernst & Young both report the annual amount of FDI projects landing into the UK. However, each have their methodological differences that explain the variation in reported projects compared to the DIT publication.

The DIT publication reports on new investment, expansion, and mergers & acquisition FDI projects into the UK over the financial year. Projects that have been publicly announced and those that have not both feature in the data set. On the other hand, both the Financial Times and Ernst & Young report on new investment and expansion FDI projects over the calendar year. While the Financial Times report on publicly announced projects, Ernst & Young report on both publicly announced projects and projects sourced from external databases.

Whereas these sources record the number of FDI projects, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) is the official source for the value of FDI flows on stocks and earnings at the UK level. For more information, see the ONS website.

5.2 Amendments and limitations of DIT investment data

DIT relies on data recorded by its operational staff, and data originating from third party sources. This data is verified according to international definitions for FDI projects used by OECD and UNCTAD, with some additional DIT criteria (as set out in sections 2 and 3 before they are included in released results. This primarily involves data that describes the parent company, the UK company, the numbers of jobs created and the sector the project supports.

DIT also records data of other characteristics relating to the investment projects such as the investment value, research and development activity, salary levels and export orientation. DIT are exploring ways to expand the level of detail we include in our inward investment results.

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