Accredited official statistics

Commentary - Individual Insolvency Statistics April to June 2023

Updated 15 August 2023

Released

28 July 2023

Next release

31 October 2023

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Statistical enquiries

Samuel Tudor (author)

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David Webster (responsible statistician)

1. Main messages for England and Wales

• After seasonal adjustment, the number of individual insolvencies in April to June (Q2) 2023 was 8% lower than in Q1 2023. Numbers of debt relief orders (DROs) and bankruptcies were higher, but individual voluntary arrangements (IVAs) were lower. The total number of individual insolvencies was 11% lower than in Q2 2022.
• One in 422 adults (at a rate of 23.7 per 10,000 adults) entered insolvency between 1 July 2022 and 30 June 2023. This is an increase from the 24.6 per 10,000 adults who entered insolvency in the 12 months ending 30 June 2022.
• During Q2 2023, there were 26,390 (seasonally adjusted) individual insolvencies, as shown in Figure 1, comprised of 17,458 IVAs, 7,106 DROs and 1,826 bankruptcies.
• There were 21,232 Breathing Space registrations in Q2 2023. This is 26% higher than in Q2 2022. Of the 21,232 Breathing Space registrations, 20,919 were Standard Breathing Space registrations and 313 were Mental Health Breathing Space registrations.

Figure 1: Individual insolvencies in Q2 2023 were lower than in both Q1 2023 and Q2 2022.

England and Wales, Q2 2003 to Q2 2023, seasonally adjusted

Source: Insolvency Service

The long-term series back to Q1 1984 (where applicable) can be found in the CSV file that accompanies this release.

From the start of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic until mid-2021, numbers of bankruptcies and DROs were low when compared with pre-pandemic levels. This is likely to have been driven in part by the range of government support put in place to financially support individuals during this time. While DRO numbers increased following the June 2021 change to eligibility criteria, bankruptcy numbers continued to decline. Quarterly IVA numbers in the first half of 2023 were lower than in 2022.

2. Things you need to know about this release

This statistics release contains the latest data on individual insolvency in the UK, presenting the numbers of individuals who have entered a formal insolvency procedure after being unable to pay their debts. Information is presented separately for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

The Insolvency Service separately publishes monthly statistics to provide more up to date information on the numbers of company and individual insolvencies during this time of economic uncertainty. However, they have not replaced the quarterly National Statistics, since the information presented on a monthly basis is less granular and is less reliable for monitoring changes in trends over time. Following a consultation in 2023, the Insolvency Service will merge the monthly and quarterly statistics with the first release in the new format being published either in October 2023 or January 2024.

Underlying data for these quarterly statistics for England and Wales were adjusted where there was evidence of seasonality, to account for variation in individual insolvencies across the year and allow for comparison to the most recent period within years. Data for Scotland and Northern Ireland were not adjusted. The seasonal adjustment models are reviewed on an annual basis. In accordance with the outcome of the April 2023 Seasonal Adjustment Review, bankruptcies, DROs and IVAs were all seasonally adjusted. In previous releases DROs were not seasonally adjusted, however the April 2023 review detected seasonality in the series. Therefore, in this and subsequent releases, DRO numbers will be adjusted.

The number of breathing space registrations under the Debt Respite Scheme are included in these statistics. Individuals that register for breathing space may or may not end up entering a formal insolvency procedure. Those that do enter a formal insolvency procedure will be counted accordingly in Tables 1 to 5 of the accompanying tables.

Quarters referred to in this publication are calendar year quarters, such that Q2 2023 is the period from 1 April to 30 June 2023.

2.1 Designation as National Statistics

The United Kingdom Statistics Authority has designated these statistics as National Statistics, in accordance with the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 and signifying compliance with the Code of Practice for Statistics. Once statistics have been designated as National Statistics it is a statutory requirement that the Code of Practice shall continue to be observed.

The last compliance review was conducted in July 2019.

Designation can be broadly interpreted to mean that the statistics meet identified user needs; are well explained and readily accessible; are produced according to sound methods, and are managed impartially and objectively in the public interest.

3. Individual insolvency in England and Wales

3.1 Numbers of individual insolvencies

After seasonal adjustment, there were 26,390 individual insolvencies registered in Q2 2023, 8% lower than the number of individual insolvencies registered in the previous quarter, and 11% lower than during the same quarter in the previous year.

Individual voluntary arrangements (IVAs) were the most common individual insolvency procedure (66% of cases), followed by DROs (27% of cases) and bankruptcies (7% of cases). IVAs make up a larger proportion of individual insolvencies than in the past and bankruptcies a much smaller proportion. Five years ago (Q2 2018), IVAs made up 61% of individual insolvencies, compared to 24% for DROs and 14% for bankruptcies, while ten years ago, 48% of individual insolvencies were IVAs, compared to 27% for DROs and 25% for bankruptcies.

Unlike the monthly statistics, quarterly statistics are seasonally adjusted to account for seasonal variation in insolvencies across the year and allow for comparison to the most recent period within years.

Table 1: The number of IVAs was lower in Q2 2023 than Q1 2023, while the number of bankruptcies was higher. DROs were similar to last quarter.

England and Wales, Q2 2022 to Q2 2023, seasonally adjusted

	Total individual insolvencies	Bankruptcies	Debt relief orders	Individual voluntary arrangements
2022Q2	29,819	1,651	5,793	22,375
2022Q3	27,995	1,731	5,733	20,531
2022Q4	29,366	1,622	6,199	21,545
2023Q1	28,644	1,759	7,039	19,846
2023Q2	26,390	1,826	7,106	17,458
Percentage change, latest quarter (Q2 2023) compared with:
vs 2023Q1	-8%	4%	1%	-12%
vs 2022Q2	-11%	11%	23%	-22%

Source: Insolvency Service

The long-term series back to Q1 1984 (where applicable) can be found in the CSV file that accompanies this release.

IVAs

After seasonal adjustment, the number of IVAs registered in Q2 2023 decreased by 12% from the previous quarter, and was 22% lower than in Q2 2022. The number of IVAs in Q2 2023 was the lowest since Q3 2020.

Caution needs to be applied when interpreting the IVA numbers. IVAs are counted within these statistics once they are registered with the Insolvency Service by licensed insolvency practitioners. There can be a time lag between the date on which the IVA is accepted and the date of registration. Changes in volumes of registered IVAs may be in part due to changes in how insolvency practitioner firms operate.

DROs

After seasonal adjustment, the number of DROs increased by 1% in Q2 2023 compared with the previous quarter, and was 23% higher than in the same quarter last year. The number of DROs in the first half of 2023 may have been affected by the opening of new DRO hubs.

Bankruptcies

After seasonal adjustment, the number of bankruptcies registered in Q2 2023 increased by 4% from the previous quarter and by 11% from than the same quarter last year.

Bankruptcies consisted of:

• 1,471 debtors’ applications, which was 1% higher than Q1 2023 and 6% higher than Q2 2022,
• 375 creditors’ petitions, which was 10% higher than Q1 2023 and 30% higher than Q2 2022.

81% of bankruptcies resulted from debtor applications. Bankruptcy numbers in the first half of 2023 increased from the 40-year low in 2022. However, bankruptcies resulting from both debtors’ applications and creditors’ petitions remained at less than half of pre-2020 levels.

Figure 2: Despite an increase compared to Q1 2023, numbers of bankruptcies in Q2 2023 made on both debtors’ applications and creditors’ petitions remained low compared to pre-2020 levels

England and Wales, Q2 2013 to Q2 2023, seasonally adjusted

Source: Insolvency Service

The long-term series back to Q1 1984 (where applicable) can be found in the CSV file that accompanies this release.

Breathing Space Registrations

Figure 3: Breathing Space registrations in Q2 2023 were higher than in Q2 2022

England and Wales, Q2 2021 to Q2 2023

Source: Insolvency Service

There were 21,232 Breathing Space registrations in Q2 2023. This is 26% higher than in Q2 2022. Of the 21,232 Breathing Space registrations, 20,919 were Standard breathing space registrations and 313 were Mental Health breathing space registrations.

3.2 Rates of individual insolvency per 10,000 adults

In the four quarters ending Q2 2023, the individual insolvency rate was 23.7 per 10,000 adults in England and Wales (Table 2 and Figure 3 below). This corresponds to 1 in 422 adults having become insolvent in the 12 months ending 30 June 2023.

The insolvency rate is calculated as a proportion of the adult population, and are more comparable over longer time periods than the absolute numbers.

The rates presented for each quarter reflect a four quarter rolling rate per 10,000 adults. Therefore, the Q2 2023 rates, for example, were calculated using data covering the period Q2 2022 to Q2 2023.

Table 2: The rate of individual insolvencies in the 12 months ending Q2 2023 was lower than for the 12 months ending Q2 2022

England and Wales, four quarter rolling rate per 10,000 adults

	Total individual insolvencies	Bankruptcies	Debt relief orders	Individual voluntary arrangements
2022Q2	24.6	1.5	5.1	18.0
2022Q3	24.7	1.5	5.0	18.2
2022Q4	25.0	1.4	5.1	18.5
2023Q1	24.5	1.4	5.2	17.8
2023Q2	23.7	1.5	5.5	16.7
Change in rate per 10,000 adults, 12 months ending latest quarter (Q2 2023) compared with:
vs 2023Q1	-0.8	0.0	0.3	-1.1
vs 2022Q2	-0.9	0.0	0.4	-1.3

Source: Insolvency Service

Change in rate numbers may not equal the difference in rates presented due to rounding.

The long-term series back to Q1 1984 (where applicable) can be found in the CSV file that accompanies this release.

In the four quarters ending Q2 2023:

• The IVA rate decreased by 1.1 in comparison to the 12 months ending Q1 2023, but increased by 1.3 from the 12 months to Q2 2022;
• the rate of bankruptcy was similar to both the 12 months to Q1 2023 and the 12 months ending Q2 2022;
• the rate of DROs rose by 0.3 compared to the rate in the 12 months ending Q1 2023, and by 0.4 from the 12 months ending Q2 2022.

Figure 4: The individual insolvency rate decreased in the 12 months to Q2 2023 in comparison to the 12 months to Q2 2022

England and Wales, four quarter rolling rate per 10,000 adults, not seasonally adjusted

Source: Insolvency Service

3.3 Bankruptcies by self-employment status

Bankruptcies by self-employment status are presented with a lag of one quarter on most other statistics in this release. This is because it can take several weeks for trading status to be recorded following the date of the bankruptcy order.

In Q1 2023, there were 365 bankruptcies (seasonally adjusted) where the individual was self-employed, this is 20% higher than Q4 2022 and 22% higher than the same period last year.

There were 1,400 bankruptcies among other individuals in Q1 2023, an increase of 8% compared with the previous quarter and 1% higher than the same quarter of the previous year.

Both bankruptcies amongst the self-employed and other individuals remain historically low.

Figure 5: Bankruptcies amongst both the self-employed and other individuals in Q1 2023 were higher than in Q4 2022.

England and Wales, Q1 2013 to Q1 2023, seasonally adjusted

Source: Insolvency Service

The long-term series back to Q1 1984 (where applicable) can be found in the CSV file that accompanies this release.

3.4 Self-employed/Trader bankruptcies by Industry (SIC 2007)

This section breaks down the self-employed bankruptcies (also referred to as ‘trader bankruptcies’) in the previous section by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC 2007) categories. Figures in this section are summed over four quarters to reduce the volatility associated with quarter-to-quarter changes. As noted in the previous section, data for Q2 2023 are not yet available.

The industries (in accordance with SIC 2007) that experienced the highest number of trader bankruptcies in the 12 months to 31 March 2023 were:

• Construction (345, which was 27% of trader bankruptcies);

• Other service activities (323, 25%);

• Wholesale and retail trade; repair of vehicles (126, 10%);

• Transportation and storage (125, 10%); and

• Accommodation and food service (117, 9%).

These five categories made up 80% of trader bankruptcies in the 12 months to 31 March 2023. They were also the most common categories in the 12 months to 31 March 2022, when they made up 80% of trader bankruptcies. Changes in the largest categories ranged from a 13% decrease in Transportation and storage to a 43% increase in Accommodation and food service.

Note that the numbers of insolvencies in these categories are likely to be partly driven by the number of self-employed people trading in a given category and do not reflect the relative likelihood of traders in each industry entering insolvency.

Figure 6: Almost all industries saw fewer trader bankruptcies in the 12 months to Q1 2023 than the 12 months to Q1 2022

England and Wales, Q2 2021 to Q1 2023, not seasonally adjusted

Source: Insolvency Service

4. Individual insolvency in Scotland

Legislation relating to individual insolvency in Scotland is devolved. The Accountant in Bankruptcy, Scotland’s Insolvency Service, administers individual insolvency in Scotland. The figures below are not seasonally adjusted.

In Q2 2023, there were 2,098 individual insolvencies in Scotland, 3% higher than the same quarter of 2022. This comprised of 1,409 protected trust deeds and 689 bankruptcies (also known as sequestrations), of which 384 went into bankruptcy via the minimal asset process route. The rules regarding bankruptcy differ to those in England and Wales, so numbers of bankruptcies are not directly comparable.

Figure 7: Total individual insolvencies were similar in Q2 2023 to Q2 2022, but remained below pre-pandemic levels

Scotland, Q2 2013 to Q2 2023, not seasonally adjusted

Source: Accountant in Bankruptcy, Scotland

The long-term series back to Q1 1984 (where applicable) can be found in the CSV file that accompanies this release.

In April 2015, the Minimal Asset Process replaced LILA, and other changes affected bankruptcies, resulting in a large decrease during Q2 2015.

More detail can be found in the Accountant in Bankruptcy statistical release.

5. Individual insolvency in Northern Ireland

Individual insolvency in Northern Ireland is governed by separate, but broadly similar, legislation to England and Wales, and so figures are presented separately.

In Q2 2023 there were 458 individual insolvencies in Northern Ireland, 4% higher than the same quarter in 2022. This comprised 349 IVAs, 47 DROs and 62 bankruptcies.

Figure 8: Total individual insolvencies were higher in Q2 2023 than in Q2 2022

Northern Ireland, Q2 2013 to Q2 2023, not seasonally adjusted

Source: Department for the Economy

The long-term series back to Q1 1984 (where applicable) can be found in the CSV file that accompanies this release.

6. Data and Methodology

6.1 Data Sources

Individual insolvency data for England and Wales were sourced from the Insolvency Service case information system (ISCIS), data for Scotland were sourced from the Accountant in Bankruptcy (AiB), and data for Northern Ireland from the Department for the Economy.

Breathing space data were sourced from the Breathing Space register, owned by HM Treasury (HMT), for which the Insolvency Service is a custodian.

Population estimates for persons over the age of 18, as published by the Office for National Statistics were used to calculate individual insolvency rates. For 2022 and 2023, for which population estimates were not yet available, the 2020-based population projections were used.

More information on the administrative systems used to compile insolvency statistics can be found in the Quarterly Statistics Methodology and Quality document.

6.2 Methodology and data quality

Detailed methodology and quality information for these statistics can be found in the accompanying Quarterly Statistics Methodology and Quality document.

The main quality and coverage issues to note:

1. Data for the latest quarter were extracted approximately five working days after quarter end. There is an increased likelihood that data on individual insolvencies may be revised in the future due to potential delays in data being entered onto Insolvency Service administration systems. Therefore, these statistics for the latest quarter are provisional and marked with a ‘[p]’.

2. Bankruptcy statistics by employment status, and industry breakdowns for those who were self-employed, are less timely than all other individual insolvency statistics, and are reported one quarter in arrears. This is because it can take several weeks for employment status to be recorded following the date of the bankruptcy order. Therefore, numbers for the latest quarter are not presented due to the known large undercount.

Seasonal adjustment

To aid comparison between quarters, underlying data for bankruptcies, DROs and IVAs in England and Wales were adjusted where there was evidence of seasonality to minimise the effect of the time of year and provide a true picture of the trends in insolvency. In previous releases DROs were not seasonally adjusted, however the April 2023 review detected seasonality in the series. Therefore, in this and subsequent releases, DRO numbers will be adjusted. Full details on the models used to adjust the data can be found in the Seasonal Adjustment Review published in April 2023.

The data series for Scotland and Northern Ireland do not demonstrate consistent seasonality and only the unadjusted series have been presented, as agreed with the appropriate officials in the devolved administrations.

The seasonal adjustment models for England and Wales are reviewed on an annual basis, in accordance with the Insolvency Service Official Statistics Revisions Policy.

Rates of insolvency in England and Wales

Insolvency rates were calculated by dividing the total number of individuals entering insolvency in the previous twelve months by the mean average number of persons aged 18 and over residing in England and Wales over the corresponding period.

6.3 Revisions

These statistics are subject to scheduled revisions, as set out in the published Revisions Policy. Other revisions tend to be made as a result of data being entered onto administrative systems after the cut-off date for data being extracted to produce the statistics. Any revisions to these statistics will be marked with an ‘[r]’ in the relevant table.

7. Glossary

7.1 Key terms used within this statistical bulletin

Term	Definition
Bankruptcy	A form of debt relief available for anyone who is unable to pay their debts. Assets owned will vest in a trustee in bankruptcy, who will sell them and distribute the proceeds to creditors. Discharge from debts usually takes place 12 months after the bankruptcy order is granted. Bankruptcies result from either Debtor application – where the individual is unable to pay their debts, and applies online to make themselves bankrupt, or Creditor petition – if a creditor is owed £5,000 or more, they can apply to the court to make an individual bankrupt. These statistics relate to petitions where a court order was made as a result, although not all petitions to court result in a bankruptcy order. In Scotland, bankruptcy is often referred to as sequestration. On 1 April 2008, Part 1 of the Bankruptcy and Diligence etc. (Scotland) Act 2007 came into force making significant changes to some aspects of sequestration (bankruptcy), debt relief and debt enforcement in Scotland. This included the introduction of the new route into bankruptcy for people with low income and low assets (LILA). On 1 April 2015, part of the Bankruptcy and Debt Advice (Scotland) Act came into force making significant changes, including the introduction of the Minimal Asset Process (MAP), which replaced the LILA route into sequestration; mandatory debt advice for people seeking statutory debt relief; a new online process for applying for sequestration; and an additional year for people to make contributions to repaying their debts (increasing from three years to four, in line with protected trust deeds).
Breathing Space	For individuals, the Breathing Space scheme, launched on 4 May 2021, gives people legal protections from their creditors for 60 days, with most interest and penalty charges frozen, and enforcement action halted. Because problem debt can be linked to mental health issues, these protections are also available for people in mental health crisis treatment – for the full duration of their crisis treatment plus another 30 days.
Debt Relief Order (DRO)	A form of debt relief available to those who have a low income, low assets and debt no more than a specified value. There is no distribution to creditors, and discharge from debts takes place 12 months after the DRO is granted. DROs were introduced in April 2009. A change in eligibility criteria was introduced from 29th June 2021 in which the upper limit of debt increased from £20,000 to £30,000. In addition, the threshold on the value of assets that a debtor can hold and be eligible to enter into a DRO increased from £1,000 to £2,000; the value of a single motor vehicle that can be disregarded from the total value of assets increased from £1,000 to £2,000; and the level of surplus income received by the debtor before payments should be made to creditors increased from £50 to £75 per month.
Deed of Arrangement	An alternative way for a debtor to deal with their affairs than entering into bankruptcy or an individual voluntary arrangement. Deeds of arrangement require the approval of a simple majority of creditors in number and value, and do not require a nominee, report to court or a meeting of creditors to be held.
Income payment orders (IPOs) and agreements (IPAs)	If a Bankrupt has a higher income than needed to pay for their reasonable day-to-day living expenses, the Trustee in Bankruptcy may ask them to make payments towards their Bankruptcy Estate for the benefit of creditors. The Trustee in Bankruptcy may ask a Bankrupt to enter into an Income Payments Agreement (IPA) and if the Bankrupt refuses to enter into an IPA, the Trustee in Bankruptcy can apply to the Court for an Income Payments Order (IPO).
Individual Voluntary Arrangement (IVA)	A voluntary means of repaying creditors some or all of what they are owed. Once approved by 75% or more of creditors, the arrangement is binding on all. IVAs are supervised by licensed Insolvency Practitioners.
Protected Trust Deeds	Protected trust deeds are voluntary arrangements in Scotland and fulfill much the same role as IVAs in England and Wales. However, there are differences in the way they are set up and administered, meaning the figures shown here are not consistent with those provided for England and Wales.
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC 2007)	Used in classifying business establishments and other statistical units by the type of economic activity in which they are engaged. Further information can be found on the ONS website.